Ice-Ice Disease in Commercially Cultivated Seaweeds Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A Review on the Causes, Occurrence, and Control Measures

Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma are two economically significant seaweed species cultivated globally due to their carrageenan content with numerous commercial applications. They mainly in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Tanzania. The culture of these seaweeds also provides income sources for many coastal dwellers. In 2018, total global production from was about 11 million tonnes. One primary problems that affect is incidence ice-ice disease. this article, we reviewed reported scientific journals on disease commercially cultured (Kappaphycus spp.), focusing causes, occurrence, control measures. caused by both abiotic biotic factors manifested presence white soft parts infected seaweeds. occurrence varies species, places, seasons. Control measures may include proper farm management, polyculture other seaweeds, pre-soaking antibacterial substances nutrient enrichment before out-planting, possibly using genetic engineering.